Senegal’s new government has taken a hard-line stance against the presence of French troops as part of a larger regional backlash against what many see as the legacy of an oppressive colonial empire.
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The French military completed its withdrawal from Senegal on Thursday, the last West African country with a permanent troop presence, amid Paris' waning regional influence.
France has faced opposition from leaders of some of its former colonies in Africa over what they described as a demeaning and heavy-handed approach to the continent.
The French military handed over Camp Geille, its largest base in Senegal, along with a nearby air facility, to the Senegalese government during a ceremony in the capital Dakar.
General Pascal Ianni, head of the French forces in Africa, stated that the handover marked a new phase in military relations.
"It is part of France's decision to end permanent military bases in West and Central Africa, and responds to the Senegalese authorities’ desire to no longer host permanent foreign forces on their territory," he said.
Senegal's military chief, General Mbaye Cissé, said the withdrawal supports the country's new defence strategy.
"Its primary goal is to affirm the autonomy of the Senegalese armed forces while contributing to peace in the subregion, in Africa, and globally," Cissé said.
The ceremony marked the completion of a three-month withdrawal of roughly 350 French troops from the West African country, which began in March.
France's military had been present in Senegal since it gained independence from France in 1960, under military cooperation agreements between the two countries.
The withdrawal followed a call by Senegal President Bassirou Diomaye Faye last year for all foreign troops to leave, citing Senegal’s sovereignty as incompatible with hosting foreign bases.
"Senegal is an independent country, it is a sovereign country and sovereignty does not accommodate the presence of military bases in a sovereign country", he said last year, adding that Dakar would instead pursue a "renewed partnership" with Paris.
Senegal's new government has taken a hard-line stance against the presence of French troops as part of a larger regional backlash against what many see as the legacy of an oppressive colonial empire.
France has announced plans to sharply reduce its presence at all its bases in Africa, except in the eastern African country of Djibouti.
It said it would instead provide defence training or targeted military support, based on needs expressed by those countries.
France has suffered a series of setbacks in West Africa recently, including in Chad and the Ivory Coast, where it handed over its last military bases earlier this year.
They follow the ousting of French forces in recent years in Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso, where military-led governments have turned to Russia instead for military support.
Around 350 French servicemen are still present in Gabon, where the army has turned its base into a camp shared with the central African nation.
Ivory Coast still hosts some 80 French servicemen who advise and train the country's military, and Djibouti is the last African country where France has a permanent military presence, with around 1,500 troops.